"Trade unions and the new economy: 3 African case studies show how workers are recasting their power in the digital\u00a0age"

" \r\n Trade unions and the new economy: 3 African case studies show how workers are recasting their power in the digital\u00a0age \r\nFrom US\u00a0 car factories \u00a0to public sector workers\u00a0 in Nigeria \u00a0and\u00a0 South Africa , strikes by trade unions continue unabated among the established sectors of the working class. In Detroit in the US, workers are resisting contract employment. In Nigeria they are angry over the rising cost of living and in South Africa, municipal workers are striking for better wages.\r\n\r\nBut it\u2019s becoming increasingly difficult to build sustainable worker organisations as companies employ more people on a casual basis in the digital age. Work has become more precarious and workers are easily replaceable.\r\n\r\nIn our\u00a0 new book , Recasting Workers\u2019 Power: Work and Inequality in the Shadow of the Digital Age, we focus on workers\u2019 power. The classic example of workers\u2019 power is the strike: the collective withdrawal of labour to force an employer to do what they would otherwise not have done.\r\n\r\nIn this book we challenge the dominant narrative that new technology has destroyed workers\u2019 power. We focus on the new jobs that are being created \u2013 food couriers, e-hailing drivers, street traders and the growing numbers of casual workers at the core of the economy.\r\n\r\nWe show how these precarious workers are organising in new ways that go beyond the traditional methods of union formation. For example, they are forming coalitions with other organisations, such as NGOs. In some cases they are combining these new approaches with traditional ways of bringing workers\u2019 collective power to bear, for example by making use of laws that support workers\u2019 rights.\r\n\r\n Three case studies \r\n\r\nWe focus on three sectors: factory workers in Ekurhuleni, east of Johannesburg in South Africa; food couriers in Johannesburg; and transport workers in Kampala, Uganda.\r\n\r\nWe examined their ways of organising by applying, in addition to the strike weapon, the lens of three other ways of exercising power: associational power (collective organisation), coalitions (societal power) and institutional power (laws that entrench labour rights).\r\n\r\nWe found the factory workers were using a range of tools \u2013 old and new \u2013 to organise. Factory committees were formed at some workplaces. This involved working with a labour supportive NGO. But they also drew on old practices (institutional power) by taking up cases through the\u00a0 Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration \u00a0and the amended\u00a0 Labour Relations Act . Both offer the possibility of workers being able to get permanent jobs in the company at which they work.\r\n\r\nThe food carriers were using different tactics. In Johannesburg they had created worker-driven messaging apps and chat groups where they shared information, developed a shared identity and announced local direct action.\r\n\r\nBeing self-employed weakens their organising power. But the potential for collective power was increased when they met face-to-face at work zones and began to form a collective identity. Some have engaged in collective action, but with limited impact to date.\r\n\r\nThey achieved some success when they worked with a supportive NGO (an international organisation) to put forward demands to regulate their work.\r\n\r\nIn Kampala, we found that the Amalgamated Transport and General Workers\u2019 Union was also using new approaches to organise workers. In the 1980s the union faced a near collapse of membership when privatisation undermined the public transport sector. This eliminated the position of the traditional public transport bus driver. Informal mini-taxi drivers and motorcycle taxi riders (known locally as boda boda) became the dominant mode of transport.\r\n\r\nBy classifying the growing number of boda boda riders as workers and therefore potential union members, the union expanded from a declining 5,000 members to over 100,000. In spite of the fragmented and isolated nature of their work these new workers were already organised \u2013 not into a trade union but into informal associations.\r\n\r\nThese associations formed an alliance with the established union. By doing this they gained concrete support from the International Transport Federation, a global union of transport workers. This led to the dramatic growth of the union, a decline in police harassment and growing recognition as a collective bargaining partner.\r\n\r\nImportantly, where trade unions have taken up the issues of informal workers, unions have also undergone fundamental changes. They often become \u201chybrid\u201d organisations, blurring the distinction between traditional unionism, informal workers\u2019 associations and cooperatives.\r\n\r\n What next? \r\n\r\nOur research clearly articulates the challenges workers face. But it also suggests some grounds for optimism in the new and hybrid forms of organisation and the coalitions that are emerging.\r\n\r\nThe question raised by these findings is whether these embryonic forms of worker organisation are sustainable. Could they become the foundations for a new cycle of worker solidarity and union growth?\r\n\r\nWe conclude that this is possible if they innovate and experiment with new forms of association, use digital tools, and broaden unions\u2019 reach through coalition-building with other civil society organisations. In sum, we are suggesting that workers\u2019 power is being recast as precarious workers in Africa experiment with new ways of organising in the digital age.\r\n\r\n "

"Trade unions and the new economy: 3 African case studies show how workers are recasting their power in the digital\u00a0age"

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